One of the most commonly injured knee ligaments in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). ACL injuries are more common in people who participate in high-risk sports like basketball, football, skiing, and soccer. Approximately half of all ACL injuries occur in conjunction with the meniscus, articular cartilage, or other ligament damage. Patients may also have bruises on the bone beneath the cartilage surface. These can be seen on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and may indicate articular cartilage injury. The majority of ACL injuries are thought to be caused by non-contact mechanisms, with a smaller percentage caused by direct contact with another player or object. Injury mechanisms are frequently associated with deceleration in conjunction with cutting, pivoting, or sidestepping maneuvers, awkward landings, or out-of-control play. Several studies have found that female athletes in certain sports have a higher incidence of ACL injury than male athletes. This may be due to differences in physical conditioning, muscular strength, and neuromuscular control. Other hypothesized causes of this gender disparity in ACL injury rates include pelvic and lower extremity (leg) alignment, increased ligamentous laxity, and estrogen's effects on ligament properties.
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