Orthopedic surgeons specialize in treating conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic residency is typically 5 years and the time dedicated to spinal surgery often varies. Therefore most orthopedic spine surgeons pursue spine fellowships in an effort to increase their proficiency in spinal surgery after residency. Spine surgery is often associated with orthopedics due to the familiar concept of the bony spinal column. The spinal column, comprised of multiple vertebrae, provides structural support and flexible mobility for the body. The spinal column also serves to protect delicate neural structures such as the spinal cord and nerve roots. The spinal cord is essentially an extension of the brain and even the slightest injury can result in irreversible damage that may cause weakness, sensory loss, or paralysis. The spinal column also contains vital blood vessels that supply oxygen to the spinal cord. Injury to these blood vessels may also result in irreversible spinal cord damage. When degenerative changes occur in the spinal column, compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots by bony elements can occur. Similarly, herniated discs may also compress the spinal cord and result in significant nerve damage.
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